Jump to content

South Kivu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the current province. For the former district, see Sud-Kivu District.
South Kivu
Province
View of Kaziba Chiefdom
View of Kaziba Chiefdom
Official seal of South Kivu
Seal
CountryDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Named forLake Kivu
Capital
and largest city		Bukavu
Government
 • BodyProvincial Assembly of South Kivu
 • GovernorJean Jacques Purusi[1]
Area
 • Total
65,070 km2 (25,120 sq mi)
 • Rank17th
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
7,066,400
 • Rank3rd
 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)
License Plate CodeDemocratic Republic of the Congo CGO / 22
Official languageFrench
National languageSwahili
HDI (2015)0.391[2]
low
Websitewww.sudkivu.cd Edit this at Wikidata

South Kivu (Swahili: Jimbo la Kivu Kusini; French: Sud-Kivu) is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[3] Its capital is Bukavu.

Situated within the Great Rift Valley, South Kivu is bordered by Lake Kivu, Burundi, and Tanzania to the east; Maniema Province to the west; North Kivu Province to the north; and Tanganyika Province to the south. Covering an extensive area of approximately 65,070 square kilometers (25,120 square miles), it is administratively divided into eight territories and boasts a population of roughly 7,066,400 in 2020.[4][5][6][7][8]

The province's topography is an amalgamation of geographical features comprising mountains, forests, waterfalls, and plains.[5] The area boasts an array of wildlife species, including mountain gorillas, chimpanzees, African Forest Elephants, lions, giraffes, and vervet monkeys. It also hosts African buffalos, baboons, clawed frogs, dwarf crocodiles, savannah monitors, gray duikers, common agamas, and endangered eastern lowland gorillas. The province's national parks and nature reserves, such as Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[9][10][11][12]

South Kivu is a melting pot of various ethnic groups, including the Shi, Fuliiru, Bembe, Vira, Lega, Nyindu, Holoholo, Bwari, Hunde, Nyanga, Amba, Swaga, Shu, and Mbuti. The region is also home to a small fraction of Hutu and Tutsi agro-pastoralists who were transplanted by Belgian colonial authorities in the mid-20th century.[13][14][15][16]

Since the First Congo War, the region has been plagued by armed conflicts and civil unrest. During the First and Second Congo Wars, it became a battleground for the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL), the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), and the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD).[17][18] The presence of multiple armed groups in the area has led to insecurity, instability, and humanitarian crises. The conflict has resulted in the displacement of civilians, human rights abuses, and atrocities against the local population. Additionally, the region's rich natural resources, such as minerals and timber, have been a driving factor for some of the conflicts.[19][20]

History

[edit]

South Kivu Province was created from Sud-Kivu District in 1989, when the existing Kivu Province was divided into three parts (South Kivu, North Kivu and Maniema).[21][22][23]

Conflict and insecurity

[edit]

First Congo War

[edit]
See also: First Congo War

For three decades, the region has been plagued by armed conflicts and violence. Various armed groups and militias have operated in the area, leading to displacement, human rights abuses, and the disruption of essential services.[24][25][26]

At the outset of the First Congo War, South Kivu played a key role as a battleground for the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Its plateaus and hills served as strategic strongholds for the advancing AFDL forces, who aimed to pursue Hutu refugees, particularly the ex-FAR/Interahamwe, while simultaneously seeking to overthrow Mobutu's government. This response was prompted by the mistreatment of Tutsi civilians under Mobutu's regime, which subjected them to arbitrary arrests and detentions conducted by Zairian police and soldiers.[27][28][29]

The Lemera Hospital, where the Lemera massacre took place

The AFDL's pursuit of Hutu refugees led to widespread violence and atrocities.[30] The AFDL forces, resorting to indiscriminate killings, mass executions, and acts of torture, initiated the First Congo War with a massacre in the Lemera groupement (grouping) of South Kivu, on October 6, 1996. The massacre claimed the lives of several dozen individuals. In a hospital massacre, 37 individuals, including two medical personnel, were killed.[28][31] On October 20, 1996, the AFDL forces killed an unknown number of refugees and Zairian civilians in Rubenga, a village in South Kivu.[32] Another attack occurred on October 21, 1996, in Lubarika village, where an unknown number of Rwandan and Burundian refugees, along with Zairian civilians, were killed by the AFDL forces. Local people were coerced into burying the bodies in four large mass graves.[33] In Kamanyola, on October 20, 1996, the AFDL forces killed an unknown number of refugees and Zairian civilians, disposing of their bodies in pit latrines.[30] The AFDL persisted in launching attacks on South Kivu's refugee camps, rivers, airports, and densely populated villages. They carried out civilian executions and acts of terrorism against Zairian civilians in various locations, including Nyantende, Bukavu, Lwakabiri, Kashusha, Ulindi River, Kigulube, Ivela, Balika, Kavumu Airport, Lulingu, and Keisha.[34][35] In May 1997, the AFDL gained control over significant parts of the country and captured the capital, Kinshasa. Mobutu fled the country and Laurent-Désiré Kabila assumed leadership, renaming the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[36][37]

Second Congo War

[edit]
See also: Second Congo War

From late 1997 onwards, the relationship between President Laurent-Désiré Kabila, Rwanda and the Tutsi soldiers present in the AFDL deteriorated. Laurent-Désiré Kabila's government faced multiple accusations of marginalizing Tutsi political factions, excluding them from his administration, and displaying preferential treatment toward his Katanga clan.[38] In July 1998, driven by fears of a coup d'état, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila relieved Rwandan General James Kabarebe of his position as Chief of Staff of the AFDL, while also issuing an order for the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) soldiers to withdraw from Congolese territory.[39] In response, on 2 August 1998, a faction of Tutsi soldiers mutinied and, with the assistance of the AFDL, the Banyamulenge militias, the Ugandan army (Ugandan People's Defence Force; UPDF), and the Burundi army (Forces Armées Burundaises; FAB), launched a rebellion aimed at overthrowing President Laurent-Désiré Kabila.[38][40] Within a few weeks, this coalition formed the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD) and gained control over major urban centers in North and South Kivu, Orientale Province, North Katanga, and even managed to penetrate into the Équateur Province. The war resulted in wide-scale displacement, famine, and a staggering loss of lives. Numerous rebel groups and militias emerged, further intensifying the violence and leading to pervasive human rights violations, including large-scale massacres and incidents of sexual violence.[40][41][42] On August 6, 1998, factions of the ANC/RPA/FAB perpetrated a massacre, claiming the lives of numerous civilians in Uvira, in South Kivu.[43] As civilians sought shelter or attempted to flee the combat zone, they fell victim to the FAC in confrontations, resulting in hundreds of fatalities. Moreover, on the same day, members of the ANC, the armed wing of the RCD rebel, killed 13 people, including the chief of the Kiringye area, in the village of Lwiburule in South Kivu.[43] Another massacre unfolded as elements of the ANC/RPA claimed the lives of 15 individuals in the vicinity of Kivovo, Kigongo, and Kalungwe, all situated in South Kivu. The victims suffered from dagger wounds or were shot near the primary port in Kalundu and at the facilities of SEP Congo.[43] On August 24, 1998, RCD forces and Rwandan soldiers unleashed a massacre in Kasika and neighboring villages in South Kivu, resulting in the deaths of more than 1,000 people, as reported by the United Nations Mapping Report.[43][44] The majority of the recovered bodies, predominantly women and children, were discovered on the 60-kilometer journey from Kilungutwe village to Kasika.[45][46] Prior to their murders, the women were subjected to rape followed by brutal disembowelment using daggers.[44][47] From December 30, 1998, to January 2, 1999, RCD forces committed another massacre, claiming the lives of over 800 civilians, primarily belonging to the Babembe community, in the small village of Makobola in South Kivu. Many victims endured machete attacks or were shot at close range, while others met their demise through burning or drowning in nearby rivers. Infants and young children were callously thrown into deep pit latrines, left to perish, while adults who dared to disobey orders and attempted to escape were met with bullets.[48][49] On May 14, 2000, members of the ANC conducted a massacre resulting in 300 deaths in the village of Katogota in South Kivu.[50][51][52]

The war officially ended in 2003 with the signing of the Sun City Agreement, which aimed to establish a transitional government and promote peace and stability in the DRC. However, sporadic violence and conflicts in the region persisted even after the official end of the war.[39]

War and human rights

[edit]

The Banyamulenge, who actively aligned themselves with the AFDL and RCD factions throughout the duration of the Second Congo War, have been subject to widespread disdain among many Congolese due to their alleged involvement in a range of nefarious activities. These accusations include launching assaults on refugee camps and densely populated villages, engaging in civilian executions, and orchestrating acts of terrorism targeting Zairian civilians across various regions of South and North Kivu. Consequently, a considerable number of Congolese view the Banyamulenge as unwelcome intruders encroaching upon their native territories, thereby intensifying the deep-rooted animosity directed towards them.[53][54]

Victims of sexual violence in the town Bunyakiri in the Kalehe Territory of the South Kivu Province, August 2010

The UN estimates that in 2005, approximately 45,000 women were raped in South Kivu.[55] It forms various armed groups, including the Rwandan-backed armed groups, Banyamulenge armed groups, Raia Mutomboki, Mai-Mai militias, ADF (Allied Democratic Forces) and FDLR. There have been numerous accounts and allegations of sexual violence perpetrated by members of the Congolese army (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo; FARDC) in eastern Congo. The 10th Military Region of the newly established Congolese military, led by General Pacifique Masunzu, whose undisciplined former factional soldiers are responsible for human rights violations due to a continuing culture of impunity for military personnel, compounded by challenging living conditions, inadequate remuneration, and insufficient training.[24][26][56] Masunzu is Munyamulenge (South Kivu Banyamulenge Tutsi) who broke with the Rwandan-backed Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) back in 2003. He was formerly commander of the 122nd Brigade in the Minembwe area, who in 2005 rebelled against the authorities in defence of the Congolese Banyamulenge, against harassment and physical abuse. Also previously former second in command of 4th Military Region in Kasai-Occidental. Africa Confidential said in 2011 that he 'clearly remains implacably opposed to the Rwandan government.'[57][58] His deputy Colonel Baudouin Nakabaka is a former Mai-Mai fighter with close links to the FDLR. In July 2007, United Nations human rights expert Yakin Erturk called the situation in South Kivu the worst she has ever seen in four years as the global body's special investigator for violence against women. Sexual violence throughout Congo is "rampant," she said, blaming rebel groups, the armed forces and national police. Her statement included that "Frequently women are shot or stabbed in their genital organs, after they are raped. Women, who survived months of enslavement, told me that their tormentors had forced them to eat excrement or the human flesh of murdered relatives."[59]

In June 2014, around 35 people were killed in an attack in the South Kivu village of Mutarule. The attack was apparently part of dispute over cattle.[60]

On 7 August 2015 the 2015 South Kivu earthquake, a magnitude 5.8 earthquake, struck 35 km (22 mi) north-northeast of Kabare at a depth of 12.0 km (7.5 mi).[61] One policeman was killed.

On July 16, 2020, the Ngumino and Twiganeho militias of the Banyamulenge community perpetrated the Kipupu massacre, which claimed the lives of 220 people in South Kivu village of Kipupu, as reported by provincial lawmakers.[62][63]

Geography

[edit]
Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, South Kivu, October 2017
Ruzizi River, July 2010

South Kivu borders the provinces of North Kivu to the north, Maniema to the west, and Tanganyika to the south. To the east, it shares borders with Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania, forming part of the African Great Lakes region.[7] The province is predominantly mountainous, with the western side of the Albertine Rift Valley running through its territory.[64][65] This creates a series of peaks and valleys, including the Mitumba Mountains and the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, which is home to endangered mountain gorillas and lush bamboo forests.[66][67] South Kivu also boasts several notable lakes, including Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika.[68][69] In addition to its mountains and lakes, the province also features a network of rivers and dense tropical rainforests. The major rivers in the province include the Ruzizi, which forms part of the border with Burundi, and the Ulindi River, which flows into Lake Tanganyika.[70][71] The rainforests of South Kivu are part of the Congo Basin, one of the world's largest tropical rainforest systems. These forests are teeming with biodiversity, housing a wide variety of plant and animal species. They provide habitat for endangered wildlife, including chimpanzees, forest elephants, and various species of primates.[72] The region is also rich in natural resources, including minerals like gold, coltan, tin, and tungsten.[73]

Hydrology

[edit]

South Kivu Province is characterized by numerous rivers, lakes, and waterways that crisscross through its landscapes. The region lies in the center of the African Great Lakes, encompassed by Lake Kivu towards the west and sharing its border with the Virunga National Park on the east. The Ruzizi River, one of the longest rivers in the world, flows along the province's eastern edge. Meanwhile, its tributaries—the Sange, Kavinvira, Kavimvira, Luvimvi, Luvungi, Luvubu, Luberizi, Runingu, Mulongwe, Kiliba, Kalimabenge, and Lugulu Rivers—run through the verdant terrains, nurturing the surrounding ecosystems and supporting farming activities.[74][75][76]

The province is home to several lakes, including Lake Tanganyika which serve as critical sources of freshwater and habitats for diverse aquatic species.[77]

Ruzizi Plain, October 2012
Sange River, April 2022

While the province is rich in natural resources, it is also fraught with challenges and dangers. The area is susceptible to periodic floods, particularly during the rainy season, which cause disruptions to both the community and infrastructure. Over the last few years, parts of the province have been ravaged by flooding. In March 2020–23, torrential rains and the overflow of nearby tributaries inundated homes, including the Sange and Uvira, located in Uvira Territory. These regions experienced severe flooding, resulting in a sudden surge of water that overwhelmed the local infrastructure and communities. The force of the floodwaters led to the collapse of many houses, leaving families homeless and vulnerable. The aftermath of the flooding also led to the displacement of people who sought refuge in temporary shelters or with relatives in safer areas.[78][79][80][81]

Similarly, other areas in South Kivu Province also faced the wrath of floods, including Nyambasha, Bushushu, Rambira, and Nyamukubi in Kalehe Territory. These communities, situated in low-lying areas near rivers and water bodies, are particularly susceptible to the destructive impact of flooding. Heavy rains and rising water levels overwhelm local infrastructure and defenses, causing homes to collapse and forcing residents to flee for safety.[82][83][84]

Geology

[edit]
Mount Kahuzi, February 2014

The province houses many volcanoes, including Mount Kahuzi, Mount Muhi and Mount Kabobo.[85][86] These volcanoes are part of the larger Virunga Mountains, which stretches from Uganda through Rwanda and into the DRC. The province also includes parts of the Albertine Rift, a branch of the larger East African Rift System. This rift valley is characterized by tectonic forces that led to the stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust, resulting in the formation of deep valleys and steep escarpments. The rift valley is associated with the presence of lakes, including Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika, which are major features of the landscape in South Kivu Province.[87] In addition to volcanic and rift valley formations, the province also contains sedimentary basins. These basins, such as the Lake Kivu Basin, are areas where layers of sediment have accumulated over time. They are important for their mineral resources, including deposits of diamonds, gold, copper, cobalt, tin, tantalum and lithium.[88][89]

Climate

[edit]

The province's eastern mountainous region experiences a mild mountain climate with a 3 to 4-month dry season from June to September.[90] Cities like Bukavu and Uvira maintain an average annual temperature of 19 °C, while higher plateaus and mountains, such as Minembwe and Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, are even cooler, fostering layered and grassy mountain vegetation.[90]

Conversely, the central and western parts, including territories like Shabunda and Mwenga, feature an equatorial climate dominated by dense equatorial forests, with abundant rainfall throughout the year.[90] The Ruzizi Plain, however, presents a unique micro-climate—a tropical climate with a dry tendency and lower rainfall (± 1,000 mm/year). The region's vegetation is characterized by a grassy savannah with thorns and Myrtillocactus geometrizans, most notably in the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park.[90]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Approximate correspondence between historical and current province

[edit]
Approximate correspondence between historical and current province
Belgian Congo Republic of the Congo Zaire Democratic Republic of the Congo
1908 1919 1932 1947 1963 1966 1971 1988 1997 2015
22 districts 4 provinces 6 provinces 6 provinces 21 provinces + capital 8 provinces + capital 8 provinces + capital 11 provinces 11 provinces 26 provinces
Bas-Uele Orientale Stanleyville Orientale Uele Orientale Haut-Zaïre Orientale Bas-Uele
Haut-Uele Haut-Uele
Ituri Kibali-Ituri Ituri
Stanleyville Haut-Congo Tshopo
Aruwimi
Maniema Costermansville Kivu Maniema Kivu Maniema
Lowa
Kivu Nord-Kivu Nord-Kivu
Kivu-Central Sud-Kivu

South Kivu Province, like all other provinces, is administratively divided into territories and cities. Further subdivisions of territories are: chiefdoms or sectors, groupements (groupings), and villages.

Territories

[edit]
See also: Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Territories serve as the extensive arms of state administration, functioning as representatives of the central government. Each territory within the province is led by a Territorial Administrator and two Assistant Territorial Administrators.[90] Recognizing the vastness of the territories, administrative management positions are established, headed by resident assistant territorial administrators or administrative management position leaders, aiming to bridge the gap between governance and the governed.[90] Appointed by the Ministry of the Interior and Security, territorial officials are included in the state's budgetary provisions. While they directly report to the Ministry of the Interior, they are also accountable to the governor, who acts as the representative of both the President in the province and the Ministry of the Interior. The primary role of territorial administrators is to represent the state at the local level and oversee chiefdoms (collectivités).[91]

South Kivu Province is divided into eight territories:

Cities

[edit]

The city is a decentralized administrative unit with legal status.[92] Cities are led by mayors appointed by presidential decree, as advised by the Ministry of the Interior and Security. The mayor has a deputy mayor, appointed in the same way.[92] The mayor is under the hierarchical authority of the provincial governor.[92] South Kivu has three main cities of significance: Baraka, Bukavu (the provincial capital), and Uvira.[93][94][95] The northern town of Minova expanded rapidly from 1994 to 2012 with a steady inflow of refugees following the Rwandan genocide as well as both First and Second Congo Wars, along with ongoing regional conflicts.[96][97]

The city of Bukavu has experienced an exponential urban growth since colonial times. Sadiki et al. (2010) report about 620,000 inhabitants for 2008. The population growth rate increased incredibly in 2002 due to the entry of massive population from Goma after the Nyiragongo eruption of 17 January 2002.[98]

Chiefdoms and sectors

[edit]
See also: Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Traditional authority is vested in chieftaincies, also known as collectivities (collectivités) and sectors. The selection of the powerholder within a chiefdom or sector is determined by ethnic traditions and later recognized or formalized by the state, following traditional norms. The leader of a chiefdom carries the honored title of "mwami" (king). The chiefdom is further subdivided into groupements (groupings), which extend the reach of traditional authority to regrouped villages (localités). Village heads and chiefs manage administrative and governance duties in their respective areas.[91]

Some of the notable chiefdoms and sectors in South Kivu:

Groupements and villages

[edit]

Health districts

[edit]

South Kivu is divided into 34 health zones (zones de santé). These are grouped into five health districts (districts de santé). These districts do not match the geography of the territories.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mwamba, Justin Mwamba (24 June 2024). "Sud-Kivu : prenant ses fonctions, le gouverneur Jean Jacques Purusi promet une gestion transparente". Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  3. ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  4. ^ "Congo (Dem. Rep.): Provinces, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
  5. ^ a b Dooley, Elizabeth; Kasimbazi, Emmanuel; Ginzky, Harald; Heuser, Irene L.; Ruppel, Oliver; Kibugi, Robert; Qin, Tianbao; Markus, Till, eds. (March 24, 2021). International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2019. New York City, New York State, United States: Springer International Publishing. pp. 130–133. ISBN 9783030523176.
  6. ^ "Sud-Kivu" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: MUNUSCO. January 2015. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  7. ^ a b Vlassenroot, Koen (2002). "Citizenship, Identity Formation & Conflict in South Kivu: The Case of the Banyamulenge". Review of African Political Economy. 29 (93/94): 499–515. doi:10.1080/03056240208704635. hdl:10.1080/03056240208704635. ISSN 0305-6244. JSTOR 4006793. S2CID 145661133.
  8. ^ "Conflits fonciers et dynamiques de cohabitation en territoire de Kalehe Sud-Kivu, Est de la RDC - Irénées" [Land conflicts and dynamics of cohabitation in the territory of Kalehe South Kivu , Eastern DRC]. www.irenees.net (in French). 2012. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  9. ^ "Rwenzori Mountains National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  10. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Kahuzi-Biega National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  11. ^ "Kahuzi-Biega National Park Congo - Attractions, Gorillas and other Animals". Silverback Gorilla Tours. 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  12. ^ "The Conservation of Itombwe Nature Reserve". Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  13. ^ Hiernaux, Jean (1966). "Human Biological Diversity in Central Africa". Man. 1 (3): 287–306. doi:10.2307/2796793. ISSN 0025-1496. JSTOR 2796793.
  14. ^ Hautmann, Frédéric (1939). "Étude ethnographique de l'Itombwe (district du Kivu, Congo Belge)". Geographica Helvetica (in French). 4 (3): 175–177. doi:10.5194/gh-4-175-1949. S2CID 180994095.
  15. ^ Rurihose, Oswald Ndeshyo (June 1992). La nationalité de la population zaïroise d'expression kinyarwanda au regard de la loi du 26 June 1991 (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Integration Africaine (CERIA). p. 10.
  16. ^ Moeller, Alfred (1936). "Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo belge" (PDF). Congoforum (in French). Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  17. ^ "Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu". Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  18. ^ "Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu". Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  19. ^ MacLean, Ruth; Dahir, Abdi Latif (2022-07-01). "Why Is There So Much Turmoil in Eastern Congo? (Published 2022)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  20. ^ "DR Congo: Killings, Rapes by Rwanda-Backed M23 Rebels". Human Rights Watch. 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  21. ^ "Memoire Online - Du mode de traitement des ordures ménagères dans la cité d'Uvira, cas des fractions biodégradables et non biodégradables - Christine AMINA KABIRABA". Memoire Online. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  22. ^ Compendium of Survey Reports: Other Bantu languages. Contributor: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Language Survey Department. Democratic Republic of the Congo: Eastern Zaïre Group. 1995. p. 3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ^ International Freedom Review: Volume 3, Issue 1. Washington, D.C., United States: International Freedom Foundation. 1989. p. 53.
  24. ^ a b "Briefing note: Democratic Republic of Congo - Humanitarian concerns in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri (21 July 2022) - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  25. ^ Altare, Chiara; Malembaka, Espoir Bwenge; Tosha, Maphie; Hook, Christopher; Ba, Hamady; Bikoro, Stéphane Muzindusi; Scognamiglio, Thea; Tappis, Hannah; Pfaffmann, Jerome; Balaluka, Ghislain Bisimwa; Boerma, Ties; Spiegel, Paul (2020-05-27). "Health services for women, children and adolescents in conflict affected settings: experience from North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo". Conflict and Health. 14 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/s13031-020-00265-1. ISSN 1752-1505. PMC 7254646. PMID 32514296.
  26. ^ a b "Anarchie et Insécurité au Nord-Kivu et au Sud-Kivu". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  27. ^ Ending the Indifference!: Sexual Violence During the 1993-2003 Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Burlington, Vermont: Rights & Democracy. 2011. pp. 24–27. ISBN 9782923539461.
  28. ^ a b "Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu". Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  29. ^ Kisangani, Emizet F. (November 18, 2016). Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9781442273160.
  30. ^ a b "Attacks against Hutu refugees - Walungu and Kabare (South Kivu)". Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  31. ^ "Sud-Kivu : 26 ans après les massacres de Lemera, Dénis Mukwege n'a pas oublié et exige justice". libregrandlac.com. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  32. ^ "First Congo War - Attacks against Hutu refugees - South Kivu". Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  33. ^ "Attacks against Hutu refugees – Uvira territory (South Kivu)". Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  34. ^ "Destruction of Kashusha, INERA and ADI-Kivu camps – Hutu Genocide". Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  35. ^ "Attacks against Hutu refugees – Shabunda territory (South Kivu)". Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  36. ^ "Zaire Watch News Briefs - 5 May 1997 - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 1997-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  37. ^ "Attacks against other civilian populations – Kinshasa". Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  38. ^ a b Ngolet, F. (December 14, 2010). Crisis in the Congo: The Rise and Fall of Laurent Kabila. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230116252.
  39. ^ a b Babu Katulondi, Hubert Kabasu (March 14, 2019). Democratisation in the Dr Congo from Joseph Mobutu to Joseph Kabila: A Modelled Exploration. Milton Keynes, United Kingdom: AuthorHouse UK. ISBN 9781728382876.
  40. ^ a b Turner, Thomas (April 18, 2013). Congo. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. ISBN 9780745656724.
  41. ^ Roessler, Philip G.; Verhoeven, Harry (2016). Why Comrades Go to War: Liberation Politics and the Outbreak of Africa's Deadliest Conflict. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190864552.
  42. ^ "Eastern Congo Ravaged - Introduction". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  43. ^ a b c d "Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu". Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  44. ^ a b "Casualties of War". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  45. ^ "Life for women in the country that 'never turned the page of conflict'". The Independent. 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  46. ^ "ACHPR, Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook". casebook.icrc.org. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  47. ^ "ACHPR, Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda | How does law protect in war?". casebook.icrc.org. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  48. ^ "Deuxième Guerre - Attaques contre les autres populations civiles - Sud-Kivu". Mapping Report (in French). 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  49. ^ "Sud-Kivu : 21 ans après les massacres de Makobola, les familles des victimes réclament justice". Radio Okapi (in French). 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  50. ^ "Memoire Online - Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005. - Abel MUKUNDE SABUNI". Memoire Online. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  51. ^ "Report: Congo rebels slaughter 300 - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  52. ^ "Katogota: Commémoration du 20 ième anniversaire du massacre de plus de 300 personnes". Kivu Times. 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  53. ^ "RDC: Minembwe, la commune de la discorde". Mediapart (in French). 7 October 2020. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  54. ^ "Kisangani in the Congo War". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  55. ^ "In the Congo, rape is a weapon of war". +972 Magazine. 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  56. ^ Sergiou, Sylvia (2007-09-27). "Security Provision in North Kivu (Dem. Rep. of the Congo) – the Role of Non-state and State Actors". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  57. ^ "Africa Confidential. Volume 44 Number 21. Published 24 October 2003". Africa Confidential. 44 (21): 1–8. 2003. doi:10.1111/1467-6338.00171. ISSN 0044-6483.
  58. ^ Stearns, Jason (2009-11-25). "Excerpts from the UN Group of Experts report". Congo Siasa. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  59. ^ "Federal News Network | Breaking Federal News & Information | Experience the difference". Federal News Network. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  60. ^ Crispin Kyalangalilwa (June 7, 2014). "Dispute over cows leaves 37 dead, 20 others injured in eastern Congo". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  61. ^ "M5.8 – 35km NNE of Kabare, Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
  62. ^ "Congolese Nobel Laureate Speaks Out Against Killings". www.barrons.com. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  63. ^ "Congo communities slam army, UN for failing to stop massacre". Washington Post. 2020-07-27. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  64. ^ Cooper, Malcolm; Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia, eds. (April 30, 2010). Volcano and Geothermal Tourism: Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Recreation. Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 9781136540899.
  65. ^ Plumptre, Andrew J.; Davenport, Tim R. B.; Behangana, Mathias; Kityo, Robert; Eilu, Gerald; Ssegawa, Paul; Ewango, Corneille; Meirte, Danny; Kahindo, Charles; Herremans, Marc; Peterhans, Julian Kerbis; Pilgrim, John D.; Wilson, Malcolm; Languy, Marc; Moyer, David (2007-01-01). "The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift". Biological Conservation. Conservation in Areas of High Population Density in Sub-Saharan Africa. 134 (2): 178–194. Bibcode:2007BCons.134..178P. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021. ISSN 0006-3207.
  66. ^ Richardson, Matthew (9 March 2023). Threatened and Recently Extinct Vertebrates of the World: A Biogeographic Approach. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108852586.
  67. ^ Vinding, Diana, ed. (2002). The Indigenous World 2001/2002. Copenhagen, Denmark: Iwgia. p. 396. ISBN 9788790730703.
  68. ^ Princewill, Nimi (2023-05-11). "Babies found alive on Congolese lake after devastating floods kill hundreds". CNN. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  69. ^ Magoum, Inès (2021-04-30). "DRC: the new rise in the water level of Lake Tanganyika causes concern". Afrik 21. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  70. ^ "Découverte : Connaissez-vous la rivière RUZIZI?". www.kivukwetuinfo.net. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  71. ^ "Multinational- Ruzizi III regional hydropower plant project (Rwanda)". projectsportal.afdb.org. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  72. ^ Guillocheau, François; de Wit, Maarten J.; de Wit, Michiel C.J., eds. (January 2, 2015). Geology and Resource Potential of the Congo Basin. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 392. ISBN 9783642294822.
  73. ^ Ansoms, A.; Marysse, S., eds. (March 23, 2011). Natural Resources and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Political Economy Perspective. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 149–212. ISBN 9780230304994.
  74. ^ Kukovics, Sándor, ed. (January 18, 2023). Goat Science: Environment, Health and Economy. London, England: IntechOpen. p. 178. ISBN 9781789847086.
  75. ^ Perrin, Mike (December 2012). Parrots of Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands: Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press. p. 369. ISBN 9781868145911.
  76. ^ "Memoire Online - La problématique des accusations des viols et violences sexuelles en territoire d'Uvira. Cas de la cité d'Uvira - Arc-Ange MARIAMU KABULIMBO". Memoire Online. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  77. ^ Betts, Alexander (July 12, 2013). Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780801468957.
  78. ^ "Church aids flood survivors in Congo". United Methodist News Service. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  79. ^ "26 mars, Sange dans la province du Sud-Kivu, l'affaissement du pont perturbe la vie socio-économique de la population". NDENGA NEWS (in French). 2022-03-26. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  80. ^ "DRC: Disruptions due to flooding ongoing in Uvira, South Kivu Province, as of Jan. 16". DRC: Disruptions due to flooding ongoing in Uvira, South Kivu Province, as of Jan. 16 | Crisis24. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  81. ^ "DR Congo – Dozens Feared Dead After Floods Cause "Immeasurable Damage" in South Kivu – FloodList". floodlist.com. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  82. ^ "WFP's emergency response to the Kalehe floods, South Kivu - Flash Report (11 May 2023) - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  83. ^ "Sud-Kivu: près d'une centaine de morts et de disparus après une pluie à Kalehe". Radio Okapi (in French). 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  84. ^ "Pluies de Kalehe: le bilan s'alourdit". Radio Okapi (in French). 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  85. ^ McMurray, John William (2003). Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Character Analysis of Thelia Sull. (Bryophyta). Berkeley, California, United States: University of California, Berkeley. p. 2003.
  86. ^ Clement, Peter; Hathway, Ren (August 30, 2010). Thrushes. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 336. ISBN 9781408135426.
  87. ^ Olago, Daniel O.; Odada, Eric O., eds. (March 9, 2006). The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeolimnology and Biodiversity. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. p. 19. ISBN 9780306482014.
  88. ^ "Lake Kivu and Ruzizi/Rusizi River Basin" (PDF). waterenergy.com. Autorité du Bassin du Lac Kivu et de la Rivière Ruzizi/Rusizi (ABAKIR). October 2021. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  89. ^ Congo Dem Republic Mineral and Mining Industry Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations. Dakota Dunes, South Dakota, U.S.: IBP, Inc. March 21, 2011. p. 32. ISBN 9781438709895.
  90. ^ a b c d e f "Tout savoir sur la Province du Sud Kivu/Tribus, ethnies, exetat par territoire" [Everything you need to know about the South Kivu Province/Tribes, ethnic groups, exetat by territory]. Congovirtuel.com (in French). Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  91. ^ a b Mushi, Ferdinand Mugumo (January 2013). "Insecurity and Local Governance in Congo's South Kivu" (PDF). IDS OpenDocs. p. 17. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  92. ^ a b c Mpiana, Joseph Kazadi (2019). "Le rôle d'un Maire de la ville dans la sécurisation de son entité administrative" [The role of a city Mayor in securing his administrative entity] (PDF). Nomos-elibrary.de (in French). pp. 1–13. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  93. ^ "Sud-Kivu" (PDF). Monusco.unmissions.org (in French). MONUSCO. January 2015. p. 1.
  94. ^ "Découpage des zones de santé du Sud Kivu". Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  95. ^ "Institut National de la Statistique: Profil de la Province du Sud-Kivu" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut National de la Statistique. December 2015. p. 11. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  96. ^ "HOT Activation, South and North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo". Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. 16 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013.
  97. ^ Rukakiza, Bosco Muchukiwa (2016). "Identités territoriales et conflits dans la province du Sud-Kivu, R. D. Congo" [Territorial identities and conflicts in South Kivu province, DR Congo] (PDF) (in French). Geneva, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland: Globethics.net. pp. 16–50. ISBN 978-2-88931-112-5. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  98. ^ Cishugi, Bahati; Dunia, Kalegamire; Ozer, Pierre; Ozer, André; Moeyersons, Jan; Vandecasteele, Ine; Ndyanabo, Sadiki (2010). "Développement de la ville de Bukavu et cartographie des vulnérabilités, R.D. Congo". Annales des Sciences et Sciences Appliquées de l'Université Officielle de Bukavu (in French). 2. hdl:2268/82774.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Kivu&oldid=1256413400"